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Representation of 3-sphere

Question: In
S2S^2
we have latitude-longitude representation, though a sphere does not have the same topology as a plane. Do we have something similar to represent the
S3S^3
space (i.e. 3-sphere space)?
  • The four Euclidean coordinates for S3 are redundant since they are subject to the condition that
    x02+x12+x22+x32=1x_0^2 + x_1^2 + x_2^2 + x_3^2 = 1
    .
  • As a 3-dimensional manifold one should be able to parameterize S3 by three coordinates, just as one can parameterize the 2-sphere using two coordinates (such as latitude and longitude).
  • Due to the nontrivial topology of S3 it is impossible to find a single set of coordinates that cover the entire space.
  • Just as on the 2-sphere, one must use at least two coordinate charts.
  • Some different choices of coordinates are given below.
    • Hyperspherical coordinates
    • Hopf coordinates
    • Stereographic coordinates
Some quick notes followed:
  • Stereographic projection can map
    S2NS^2 \setminus N
    to
    R2\mathbb{R}^2
    , where N is the North Pole. This is one coordinate chart. If we pick another point (anyone but not North Pole) on S2 and project again, we can obtain another coordinate chart. With these two charts, we can cover the entire S2 space.
  • SO(3)SO(3)
    and
    S2×S1S^2 \times S^1
    are not the same space (not homeomorphic). See this question at StackExchange.
  • The full space in 4D space is
    R4×S3×S2×S1R^4 \times S^3 \times S^2 \times S^1
    .
  • The space of unit quaternion
    S3S^3
    (which is a 3D surface embedded in 4D space) double covers the space of rotation SO(3). See this note for more information.
    • Basically the unit quaternion
      q=(cos(θ/2),xsin(θ/2),ysin(θ/2),zsin(θ/2))q = (cos(\theta/2), x sin(\theta/2), y sin (\theta/2), z sin (\theta/2))
      can represents a counterclockwise rotation by the angle
      θ\theta
      around the normalized axis
      n=(x,y,z)\mathbb{n} = (x, y, z)^\top
      . If we set the rotation to be
      θ+2π\theta + 2\pi
      , the corresponding quaternion representation will become
      q-q
      ; if we set the rotation to be
      θ+4π\theta + 4\pi
      , the corresponding quaternion representation will remain
      qq
      . That said, for each rotation we will have exactly two representations in quaternion.